American Indian Heritage Month: Commemoration vs. Exploitation
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Female costumes, Hopi
Hopi woman dressing hair of unmarried girl, ca. 1900.
[National Archives]
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RELATED ENTRIES
Introduction
NEED TO KNOW
Chronological Essays
Pre-contact Indian History (ca. 20,000 BCE to ca. 1500 CE)
Indians in the Colonial Era and the American Revolution (1500 to 1800)
Indian Immigrants and Removals (1800 to 1850)
Westward Expansion, Indian Wars, and Reservations (1850 to 1900)
Indian Assimilation and Reorganization (1900 to 1945)
Termination and Indian Sovereignty (1945 to 2000)
Issues
Alcoholism and Substance Abuse
Archaeology and the First Americans
Assimilation
Bering Strait Theory
Boarding Schools, United States and Canada
Citizenship
Demographics, Historical
Disease, Historic and Contemporary
Economic Development
Education
Education and Social Control
Environment and Pollution
Gambling
Genocide
Hazardous Waste
Land, Identity and Ownership of, Land Rights
Mining and Contemporary Environmental Problems
Pan-Indianism
Reservation Economic and Social Conditions
Squaw, Debates over Place Names
Trade
Treaty Diplomacy, with Summary of Selected Treaties
Tribal Sovereignty
Uranium Mining
Water Rights
Women in Native Woodlands Societies
Events
Bering Strait Theory
Dalles Trading Area
L'Anse aux Meadows Viking Settlement
Norse Exploration of North America
Doctrine of Discovery
Missionaries, French Jesuit
New France and Natives
Spanish Influence
Pequot War
Beaver Wars
Pueblo Revolt
Russians, in the Arctic/Northwest
French and Indian War
California Indians, Genocide of
Mission System, Spanish
Boston Tea Party, Mohawk Images
American Revolution, Native American Participation
Goschochking (Ohio) Massacre of 1782
Fallen Timbers, Battle of
Creek War
Seminole Wars
Black Hawk's War
Trail of Tears
Oregon Trail
Yakama War
Great Sioux Uprising
Long Walk (Navajo)
Sand Creek Massacre
Alaska, United States Purchase of
Baptist Church
Washita Massacre
Grant's Peace Policy
Camp Grant Massacre
Apache Wars
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Long March (Nez Percé)
General Allotment Act (Dawes Act)
Wounded Knee, South Dakota, Massacre at
Relocation
Occupation of Alcatraz Island
Red Power Movement
Trail of Broken Treaties
Pine Ridge Political Murders
Occupation of Wounded Knee
Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute
Ward Valley, Hazardous Waste Controversy
Culture
Adena Civilization
African Americans
Agriculture
American Indian Contributions to the World
Ancestral Puebloan Culture
Anglicans
Athapaskan Languages
Athapaskan Peoples
Basketry
Beadwork
Berdaches
Black Hills (Paha Sapa)
Black Seminoles
Blue Lake, New Mexico
Bole-Maru Religion
Buffalo
Cahokia
Cannibalism
Canoes
Captivity Narrative
Ceremonies, Criminalization of
Code Talkers, Navajo
Confederacies
Counting Coup
Dams, Fishing Rights, and Hydroelectric Power
Democracy and Native American Images among Europeans
Diabetes
Dreamer Cult
False Face Society
Feminism, Native American Influences
Fishing Rights
Fur Trade
Ghost Dance Religion
Graham, Mount (Dzil Nchaa Si An), Controversy over
Hohokam Culture
Hopewell Culture
Horse, Economic Impact
Humor, as Value
Identity
Indian Shaker Movement
Iroquois Great Law of Peace (Kaianerekowa)
Katsinas
Kennewick Man
Lacrosse
Language and Language Renewal
Language, Written in America, Pre-contact
Longhouse Religion
Mascots
Mississippian Culture
Mogollon Culture
Mound Cultures of North America
Muskogean Language
Myth of the Noble Savage
Na-Dene Peoples
Natchez Culture
New Agers, “Indian” Ceremonies and
Ohio Valley Mound Culture
Osage, and Oil Rights
Paleo-Indians
Pipes, Sacred
Potlatch
Pottery
Sacred Sites
Salmon, Economic and Spiritual Significance of
Scalping in the Colonial Period
Seven Drums Religion
Slavery and Native Americans
State Names, Native American Derivations
Sun Dance
Sweat Lodges
Thanksgiving Holiday, Origins
Totem Poles
Wakashan Languages
Wampum
Warfare, Intertribal
Weaving
Worldviews and Values
Governments
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
Albany Congress, Native Precedents
American Indian Religious Freedom Act
Bureau of American Ethnology
Bureau of Indian Affairs: Establishing the Existence of an Indian Tribe
Canada, Indian Policies of
Canandaigua (Pickering) Treaty
Carlisle Treaty Council
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission
Constitution Act
Cree-Naskapi Act
Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development
Domestic Dependent Nation
Elk v. Wilkins
Factory System
Fletcher v. Peck
Forced Marches
Fort Laramie Treaty (1868)
Hawai'i, Legal Status of Native Claims
Hudson's Bay Company
Indian Act
Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)
Indian Civilization Fund Act
Indian Claims Commission
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
Indian Mineral Leasing Act
Indian Removal Act
Indian Reorganization Act
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
Individual Indian Monies
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Treaty Councils
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association
Maine Indian Claims Settlement Act
Meriam Report
Métis Nation Accord
National Indian Gaming Commission
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
North West Company
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
Plenary Power
Praying Villages of Massachusetts
Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe v. Morton
Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
Standing Bear v. Crook
Tee-Hit-Ton v. United States
Termination
Trade and Intercourse Acts
Tribal Courts
Trust, Doctrine of
Tungavik Federation, Nunavut
United Nations, Indians and
United States v. Dann
United States v. Kagama
Wardship Doctrine
Winters v. United States
Worcester v. Georgia
People and Groups
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
Akwesasne Freedom School
Akwesasne Notes
Alaska Native Brotherhood
All Indian Pueblo Council
American Indian Higher Education Consortium
American Indian Movement
Anderson, Wallace Mad Bear
Anishinabe Algonquin National Council
Apess, William
Aguash, Anna Mae Pictou
Assembly of First Nations
Banderas, Juan de la Cruz
Banks, Dennis
Bearskin, Leaford
Black Elk
Blackfeet Confederacy
Black Hawk
Black Kettle
Boas, Franz
Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons
Brant, Joseph
Campbell, Ben Nighthorse
Canassatego
Canonicus
Captain Jack
Carson, Christopher "Kit"
Casas, Bartolome de las
Catlin, George
Cherokee Phoenix and Indian Advocate
Clark, George Rogers
Cochise
Cody, William Frederick
Cohen, Felix
Collier, John
Coon Come, Matthew
Cooper, James Fenimore
Copway, George
Cornplanter
Costo, Rupert
Council of Energy Resource Tribes
Crazy Horse
Crook, George
Cruz, Joseph de la
Curtis, Charles
Deganawidah
Deloria, Jr., Vine
Deskaheh
Dodge, Henry Chee
Dull Knife
Dumont, Gabriel
EchoHawk, Larry
Edwards, J. R.
Eliot, John
Emathla, Charley
Engels, Friedrich, and the "Mother-right gens"
Episcopal Church
Erasmus, George Henry
Erdrich, Louise
Erickson, Leif
Eskiminzin
Franklin, Benjamin, Native American Influences
Geronimo
Gorman, R. C.
Great Lakes Intertribal Council
Handsome Lake
Harjo, Chitto
Harjo, Joy
Harrison, William Henry
Haudenosaunee Confederacy, Political System
Hendrick
Hiawatha
Hooker Jim
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson, Helen Hunt
Jigonsaseh
Johnson, Emily Pauline
Johnson, William
Joseph, Younger
Kicking Bird
LaDuke, Winona
LaFlesche, Susan Picotte
LaFlesche, Susette Tibbles
Leupp, Francis Ellington
Little Crow
Little Turtle
Louis, Adrian
Luna, James Alexander
Lyons, Oren
MacDonald, Peter
Major Ridge
Mangas Coloradas
Mankiller, Wilma
Manuelito
Marx, Karl, and Native American Societies
Massasoit
McNickle, D'Arcy
Means, Russell
Metacom, and King Philip's War
Mills, William M.
Mohawk, John C.
Momaday, N. Scott
Montezuma
Mormon Church
National Congress of American Indians
National Indian Youth Council
National Museum of the American Indian
Native American Church of North America
Native American Museums
Neolin (Delaware Prophet)
Oakes, Richard
Ortiz, Simon J.
Osceola
Ouray
Owens, Louis
Parker, Arthur C.
Parker, Ely
Parker, Quanah
Peltier, Leonard
Penn, William, Quakers, and Native Americans
Plenty Coups
Pocahontas
Pontiac
Powhatan
Red Cloud
Red Jacket
Riel, Louis
Rogers, Will
Rose, Wendy
Ross, John
Sacagawea or Sakakawea
Scholder, Fritz
Seattle
Sequoyah
Sitting Bull
Smith, John
Smohalla
Society of American Indians
Sohappy, Sr., David
Spotted Tail
Squanto
St. Clair, Arthur
Standing Bear (Ponca);
Standing Bear v. Crook
(1879)
Standing Bear, Luther
Sullivan, General John, and the Haudenosaunee Holocaust of 1779
Tammany Society
Tecumseh
Tekakwitha, Kateri
Tenskwatawa
Thorpe, Jim
Tribal Colleges
Uncas
Victorio
Warrior, Clyde
Washakie
Watie, Stand
Welch, James
Whitman, Marcus and Narcissa
Williams, Roger
Wilson, Richard
Winnemucca
Winnemucca, Sarah
Women of All Red Nations
Wovoka
Documents
Johnson v. M’Intosh
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
Worcester v. Georgia
Cherokee Nation Memorial
Helen Hunt Jackson:
A Century of Dishonor
Geronimo: His Own Story (1906)
Alcatraz Proclamation: A Proclamation from the Indians of All Tribes (1969)
American Indian Movement: Three-Point Program (1973)
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act (1975)
American Indian Religious Freedom Act
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990)
Native American Languages Act (1990)
Southwest Nations
Acoma Pueblo
Apache, Chiricahua
Apache, Jicarilla
Apache, Lipan
Apache, Mescalero
Apache, Western
Chemehuevi
Cochiti Pueblo
Cocopah
Havasupai
Hopi
Hopi-Tewa
Hualapai
Isleta Pueblo
Jemez Pueblo
Laguna Pueblo
Mojave or Mohave
Nambé Pueblo
Navajo (Dine’é)
Pee-Posh
Picuris Pueblo
Pima
Pojoaque Pueblo
Quechan
Sandia Pueblo
San Felipe Pueblo
San Ildefonso Pueblo
San Juan Pueblo
Santa Ana Pueblo
Santa Clara Pueblo
Santo Domingo Pueblo
Taos Pueblo
Tesuque Pueblo
Tigua
Tohono O’odham
Yaqui
Yavapai
Zia Pueblo
Zuni
California Nations
Achumawi
Cahto
Cahuilla
Chumash
Costanoan
Cupeño
Hupa
Karuk
Luiseño
Maidu
Miwok
Mono
Pomo
Salinan
Serrano
Shasta
Tipai-Ipai
Tolowa
Tubatulabal
Wailaki
Wintun
Wiyot
Yana
Yokuts
Yurok
Northwest Coast Nations
Bella Bella
Bella Coola
Chinook
Coosans
Haida
Kwakiutl
Makah
Nootkans
Quileute
Salish, Central Coast
Salish, Northern Coast
Salish, Southern Coast
Salish, Southwestern Coast
Tillamook
Tlingit
Tsimshian
Upper Umpqua
Great Basin Nations
Paiute, Northern
Paiute, Owens Valley
Paiute, Southern
Shoshone, Eastern or Wind River
Shoshone, Northern
Shoshone, Western
Ute
Washoe
Plateau Nations
Cayuse
Coeur d’Alene
Colville
Kalispel
Klamath
Klikitat
Kootenai
Lillooet
Modoc
Nez Percé
Okanagon
Salish
Sanpoil
Shuswap
Sinkiuse
Spokan
Thompson
Umatilla
Wishram
Yakima (Yakama)
Great Plains Nations
Apache, Plains
Arapaho
Arikara
Assiniboine
Blackfeet
Cheyenne
Comanche
Cree, Plains
Crow
Dakota
Gros Ventres
Hidatsa
Ioway
Kaw
Kiowa
Lakota
Mandan
Missouria
Nakota
Ojibwa, Plains
Omaha
Osage
Otoe
Pawnee
Ponca
Quapaw
Tonkawa
Wichita
Northeast Woodlands Nations
Abenaki
Algonquin
Anishinabe
Cayuga
Fox
Illinois
Kickapoo
Lenápe
Mahican
Maliseet
Menominee
Miami
Micmac
Mohawk
Nanticoke
Narragansett
Oneida
Onondaga
Ottawa
Passamaquoddy
Penobscot
Pequot
Potawatomi
Sauk
Seneca
Shawnee
Wampanoag
Winnebago
Wyandotte
Subarctic Nations
Beaver
Carrier
Chilcotin
Chipewyan
Cree
Dogrib
Gwich’in
Hare
Ingalik
Kaska
Naskapi/Montagnais
Sekani
Slavey
Tahltan
Tanaina
Arctic Nations
Alutiiq
Iglulik
Inuit, Baffinland
Inuit, Caribou
Inuit, Copper
Inuit, Labrador or Ungava
Inupiat
Inuvialuit
Netsilik
Unangan
Yup’ik
Resources
Discontinued Indian Mascots, 1969–2002
Indian Mascots
Largest Tribes in the United States, 1980–2000
American Indian Population 1860–1990
Images
"The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"
Alaska, Russian Orthodox Church
Algonquin man, 1645
American Indian Movement (AIM) poster: "Remember Wounded Knee"
Anthony, Susan B. and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Apache bride
Apache warriors with rifles
Arapaho camp: buffalo meat
Athapascan Hupa female shaman
Athapaskan mother and children
Baldwin, Summer
Bannock family
Baskets made by Mission Indians
Beadwork, Native American
Beaver Wars: "Warrior Iroquois"
Black Hawk
Black Seminole: Abraham
Blackfeet hunting
Blackfeet picture writing
Boas, Franz
Bowlegs, Billy
Brant, Joseph
Buffalo dance
Cahokia mound, Illinois
California: Sutter's Creek
Carson, Christopher (Kit)
Catawba family
Cherokee newspaper,
Cherokee Phoenix
Cherry Valley: massacre
Cheyenne scouts
Cheyenne sun dance pledgers
Cheyenne sweat lodge
Chief Seattle
Chinook lodge
Choctaw Indians: lacrosse game
Christopher Columbus lands in the Caribbean
Clark, George Rogers: Cahokia
Collier, John
Collier, John: with Blackfoot Indian chiefs
Comanche camp and tipi
Cooper, James Fenimore
Copway, George
Crazy Horse Memorial
Crook, George
Crow prisoners
Dakota with calumet
Eastman, Charles
Emathla
Fallen Timbers, Battle of
Female costumes, Hopi
Fishing, Native Americans
Franklin, Benjamin
French and Indian Wars: siege of Detroit
Fur traders
Ghost Dance religion: Cheyennes and Arapahoes
Goschochking massacre of 1782
Harrison, William Henry
Hendrick
Horseshoe bend, Tallapoosa River
Hupa fishing for salmon
Indian Citizenship Act
Indian Peace Commission
Indian woman with dead bison
Inuit spearing salmon
Inuit woman
Jackson, Andrew
Jackson, Helen Hunt
Johnson, William
Kickapoo home
Klamath hut
Leupp, Francis E.
Little Bighorn, Battle of the
Little Crow
Lone Wolf (Guipago)
Major Ridge
Manuelito
Marshall, John
Massasoit
Minnesota Sioux Uprising: siege of New Ulm
Mojave chiefs
Mono basketmaker
Morgan, Thomas, with Sioux delegation, 1891
Myth of savage natives
Nampeyo, with pottery
Natchez hunting deer, ca. 1758
Natchez Indian
Native American dancers at potlatch
Native American education: Carlisle Indian School
Native American man with peace pipe
Native American students in math class, ca. 1903
Native Americans play game of chance
Navajo hogan and cornfield
Nez Percé dancers
Ojibwa in canoe
Oregon Trail: South Pass
Osage: meeting with Calvin Coolidge
Osceola
Ote delegation
Ouray (Ute tribal leader)
Paiute Ghost Dance
Paiute Indians
Parker, Ely S.
Pawnee: lodges
Payta-Kootha
Peace Policy of Ulysses S. Grant
Pehriska-Ruhpa
Penn, William: with Native Americans
Pequot War: scenes
Pickering, Timothy
Piegan man
Pima house
Plenty Coups
Pocahontas saves John Smith
Pomo dancer
Ponca scouts skin bison
Pontiac
Potawatomi
Pottery in Acoma dwelling
Powhatan
Red Cloud with William Blackmore
Red Cloud's War: treaty signing
Riddle, Toby: with husband, Frank
Russell, Charles M.:
When Blackfeet and Sioux Meet
Russell, Charles M.: A Doubtful Handshake
Salish women
Satank (Sitting Bear)
Seminole War
Seneca craftsman
Shoshone scout
Sioux camp at Pine Ridge, South Dakota
Sitting Bull
Smith, John
Standing Bear ( Mochunozhi)
Sullivan, John
Taos Pueblo
Thanksgiving, first
Thorpe, Jim
Tlingit native woman
Wampum, string and belt
Washakie
Washita Massacre
Washoe woman with baskets
Weaving, Navajo
Williams, Roger: with the Narragansetts
Winnemucca
Winnemucca, Sarah
Worcester, Samuel A.
Yakima woman with papoose
Younger, Joseph (Chief Joseph)
Yurok man in canoe
Zuni men in costume
Zuni weaver
